پاکستانی اردو نظم میں مزاحمتی عناصر

Abstract

Literature of any country is the vivid reflection of its society. It not only speaks for the norms and values prevalent in an age but also acts as the spokesperson of political, social, societal, economic and ideological circumstances of the same period. Urdu poem in our national literature is also the mirror image of our history. Studying history of human civilization tells us that resistance culture in a society is as old as human life itself. Brutality and movements against it had been pervasive since the very beginning of the first man on the earth. Quarrel between Qabeel and Habeel, Adam's sons is the clear example of this phenomenon. Resistance culture is still an integral part of human nature. Resistance literature is the oldest and basic genre which emerged with the creation of Pakistan. Resistance literature has also produced strong impact on Pakistani Urdu poetry. Its influence can be witnessed from poetic verses of famous poets including Faiz Ahmad Faiz, N M Rashid, Majeed Amjad, Habeeb Jalib, Ahmad Faraz, Ahmad Nadeem Qasmi, Joash Maleeh Abadi, Arif Abdul Mateen, Iftikhar Arif and Anees Nagi. Moreover, famous poetesses Kishwar Naheed, Fehmida Riaz, Parveen Shakir, Zuhra Nigar, Azhra Abbas and Shabnam Shakeel also played their role in promoting resistance literature in Urdu poetry. This article will try to locate the presence of resistant elements in Urdu poetry.